It seems for the past few years, the news has been filled with stories of people who cheat: bankers bilking investors out of millions of dollars, politicians who cheat on their wives and constituents.
The cheaters were always smart, creative peoplewho got caught. This prompted several psychological researchers to examine the relationship between cheating and creativity.
Francesca Gino, a behavioral economist who teaches at Harvard Business School, uses ideas from psychology to study how people make economic choices.
Gino finds the behavior of many notable cheaters fascinating, and it got her wondering why so many creative people seem to take the low road.
“Interestingly, there are actually a lot of examples in the literature, novels, movies, comic books about this idea of the evil genius, but really no empirical evidence for this relationship,” she says.
So Gino spent several years testing volunteers to see how creative they were. Then, she put them in situations where they could profit from cheatingwhere just bending the rules a little bit put a few extra dollars in their pockets.
“What we find is that creativity leads people to be more morally flexible,” she says, “so they are much more able to come up with justification for the behavior that theyre about to engage in and as a result, they are more likely to cheat.”
But where cheating really matters is in the workplace. And in a competitive, global economy, innovation and creativity are particularly prized. After studying people at work, Gino found that fostering creativity in workers also opens up opportunities for that moral flexibility where people are tempted to bend the rules in their favor.
“We think that the creativity really helps people resolve this conflict between something that is more longerterm, which is the idea of being good and moral and then, something that is more short term and that is the idea of advancing your own selfinterest,”Gino says. “And that does not necessarily mean getting money out of cheating, but it could also be getting other types of pleasures or utilities.”
Such as cheating on your spouse. In short, Gino says her study is a warning that creativity has a dark side.
“Its not that we are trying to say that people shouldnt be creative, we are trying to say that they should be creative but they should be thinking about the fact that their creativity can be used for the wrong reasons.”
（作者：杨广忠，南京市第五中学）
